Complement Fixation Test- Steps, Advantages and Disadvantages

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Complement Fixation Test- Steps, Advantages and Disadvantages

Complement Fixation Test It is a classic method for demonstrating the presence of antibody in patient serum. It is based on the principle that antigen-antibody complex fixes the complement. As coupling of complement has no visible effects or changes, it is necessary to use an indicator system consisting of sheep RBC and coated with anti-sheep RBC antibody. Complement lyses antibody coated RBC. The complement fixation test consists of two components. The first component is an indicator system that uses combination …Read more

生物chemical Test of Shigella flexneri

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生物chemical Test of Shigella flexneri

生物chemical Test of Shigella flexneri Basic Characteristics Properties (Shigella flexneri) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Negative (-ve) Gas Positive (+ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Negative (-ve) Growth in KCN Negative (-ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Indole Variable Motility Non-Motile MR (Methyl Red) Positive (+ve) Nitrate Reduction Positive (+ve) Oxidase Negative (-ve) Pigment Negative (-ve) Shape Rods Spore Non-Sporing Urease Negative (-ve) VP (Voges Proskauer) Negative (-ve) Fermentation of Adonitol Negative (-ve) Arabinose Variable Cellobiose Negative (-ve) DNase Negative (-ve) Dulcitol …Read more

生物chemical Test of Bacillus subtilis

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生物chemical Test of Bacillus subtilis

枯草芽孢杆菌的生化测试基本的水资源teristics Properties (Bacillus subtilis) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Positive (+ve) Flagella Flagellated Gas Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Positive (+ve) Gram Staining Gram Positive (+ve) Indole Negative (-ve) Motility Positive (+ve) MR (Methyl Red) Negative (-ve) Nitrate Reduction Positive (+ve) Oxidase Variable Pigment Negative (-ve) Shape Rods Spore Positive (+ve) Urease Negative (-ve) VP (Voges Proskauer) Positive (+ve) Fermentation of Adonitol Negative (-ve) Arabinose Positive (+ve) Arabitol Negative (-ve) Cellobiose Positive (+ve) Dulcitol Negative (-ve) …Read more

生物chemical Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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生物chemical Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

生物chemical Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Basic Characteristics Properties ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Gas Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Negative (-ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Nitrate Reduction Negative (-ve) Oxidase Positive (+ve) Pigment Negative (-ve) Shape Diplococci Fermentation of DNase Negative (-ve) Fructose Negative (-ve) Glucose Positive (+ve) Lactose Negative (-ve) Maltose Negative (-ve) Mannose Negative (-ve) Sucrose Negative (-ve) Enzymatic Reactions Tributyrin Negative (-ve)

Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum

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Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum

Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum Specimen Samples collected from ulcers and lesions should not be contaminated with blood, microorganisms, or tissue debris. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) samples should be collected on a sterile Dacron or cotton swab and placed in a cryotube containing nucleic acid transport medium or universal transport medium. Tissue or needle aspirates of lymph nodes should be placed in 10% buffered formalin at room temperature. For congenital syphilis, a small section of the umbilical …Read more

Chromosomes- Abnormalities and Disorders

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Chromosomes- Abnormalities and Disorders

Chromosomes refer to any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes (such as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism. Simply put, it is a strand of DNA that is encoded with genes. Chromosomes are important because they contain the entire (or at least the vast majority of) genetic information for an organism. The Human Chromosomes Every normal human cell, except for …Read more

Bacillus anthracis- An Overview

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Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis definition Bacillus anthracis is the only obligate pathogenic species of Bacillus and the causative agent of anthrax, which is a common disease of livestock and occasionally occurs in humans. Anthrax is called a zoonotic disease as the disease can transfer between animals and humans via different means. It is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, but unlike other Bacillus species, can result in different forms of infections if it reaches the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or …Read more

Vacuoles- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram

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Vacuoles- Structure, Types and Functions

Vacuoles Definition A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. The most conspicuous compartment in most plant cells is a very large, fluid-filled vacuole. Large vacuoles are also found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa, and Thiomargarita. However, the function and significance of vacuoles vary greatly according to the type of cell having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi, and certain protists than those of …Read more

Types of Mutations

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Types of Mutations

The mutation is a process that produces a gene or chromosome that differs from the wild type (arbitrary standard for what “normal” is for an organism). The mutation may result due to changes either on the gene or the chromosome itself. Thus, broadly mutation maybe: Gene mutation where the allele of a gene changes. Chromosome mutation where segments of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or entire sets of chromosomes change. Types of Mutations There are various schemes for classification of different kind …Read more

10 differences between genomics and proteomics

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Difference Between Genomics and Proteomics

Genomics and Proteomics Genomics and proteomics are closely-related fields. The main difference between genomics and proteomics is that genomics is the study of the entire set of genes in the genome of a cell whereas proteomics is the study of the entire set of proteins produced by the cell. Key Differences (Genomics vs Proteomics) S.N. Character Genomics Proteomics 1. Definition Genomics is the study of genomes which refers to the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism. Proteomics …Read more